Pre-Islamic Age of Ignorance: During the Jahiliyyah period, people used the word “RELIGION” in the sense of customs and traditions. [536]  After Prophet Ibrahim, they forgot the worship reserved solely for Allah and, over time, became devoted to idols or images they had made with their own hands, attributing spirituality to them. Each tribe had a tyrant ( who knew their customs and traditions very well  , and the tribe members would be judged ([538])  in the presence of the tyrant. ([539])  This place of judgment was called Dar’un Nedve.

ISLAM: Regarding these matters, Allah (swt) states:

Religion: The religion with Allah is Islam alone. 

Judgment: Judgment belongs only to Allah. He has commanded you to worship none but Him. This is the true religion. But most people do not know. 

Taghut: O Muhammad! Do you not see those who claim to believe in what has been revealed to you and what was revealed before you? They seek judgment from Taghut, even though they were commanded to reject him. Satan desires to lead them astray into deep error. [542]

Nowadays: Unfortunately, even today, religion is used by many Muslims in the world in the sense of customs and traditions; it is clear that their lives and beliefs are also like this. With the spirit of ummah giving way to the mentality of nationalism, Muslims living in the world have remained ignorant and have entered into an effort to live their religion within the customs and traditions of the societies they live in. This way of life leads them to take the parts that suit their customs and leave the rest.

The Dâru’n-Nedve, where tribes were judged, had the characteristics of a parliament. Laws binding on everyone were enacted by this parliament. The Dâru’n-Nedve was the sole decision-making center for matters among themselves and their relations with other tribes. Today, there are still councils that serve as places of judgment within the tribes and nations to which they belong. They establish rules with the aim of maintaining peace and protecting their borders within their own areas.

Taghut[543] encompasses many meanings in terms of the area it covers. Despite this rich content, in order to avoid misdirection, let us briefly list the opinions of our scholars.

Ibn Jarir al-Tabari quotes the following: Taghut means anyone, whether human, devil, idol, stone, or anything else, who rebels against Allah and is worshipped and deified by force, coercion, or willingly.

Mujahid says the following about the concept of taghut: Taghut are devils in human form to whom people submit and obey.

Imam Kurtubi says the following about this concept: To reject taghut means to abandon everything other than Allah that is worshipped and calls to misguidance, such as devils, soothsayers, idols, and the like.

Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya says the following: Taghut means a servant who exceeds his limits in terms of being worshipped, attached to, and obeyed.

There is hardly a place on earth today that does not remind us of ignorance. Anyone who forces Muslims into war, poverty, and ignorance, preventing them from fulfilling the requirements of their faith, is a taghut. Those who serve this taghut are called bel’am. Anyone who does not know the language of Islam but from whom some people learn Islam can be a bel’am. To understand this, one must be familiar with the Qur’an.

In environments where those who know remain silent despite their knowledge, and those who do not know remain indifferent even if they did know, the truth is not spoken everywhere. When reason prevails over the heart, leading one to view the other as unjust, this is precisely the situation desired by those who do not allow the truth to be spoken. For this reason, I invite those with an anti-Kemalist mindset to first fulfill the requirements of religion under the leadership of the Prophet (peace be upon him), to seek knowledge about the whole world without limiting themselves to their own region, to use the power of prayer, and to form a group that lives according to what they know. Without these, you cannot speak of an opposing view. Because you are not a side…

BELIEFS

IDOLATRY

Pre-Islamic Age of Ignorance: Various religious beliefs existed during the era of ignorance (Cahiliyyah). The most widespread of these was idolatry. The idolaters were originally monotheists. Over time, they forgot their religion ( ), but some worship practices and beliefs associated with the doctrine of monotheism remained in their religion. These beliefs  persisted until the arrival of Amr b. Luhayy, the leader of the Huzaa tribe. This man was very devout, generous, and pious. People obeyed him, believing him to be a great scholar and saint, and followed his commands. Amr bin Luhayy considered the idols made by the idolaters to be true gods. The people of Mecca did not interpret what he brought as contrary to religion; on the contrary, believing it to be a good deed, they followed him out of ignorance. That is, within an understanding based on religion, they became idolaters with the aim of gaining the Creator’s approval, thinking that what they were doing was in accordance with religion. Although the subject of idols has been addressed in different ways at different times, many Muslims still do not understand how foolish it is to worship idols they have created with their own hands. For this reason, we will provide a little more explanation with information that we believe will be useful.

The History and Importance of Idols: Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) said: The sons of Seth (peace be upon him) would go to the body of Adam (peace be upon him), show him respect, and ask for mercy. One of the sons of Cain, the son of Adam (peace be upon him), said: “O sons of Cain! The sons of Seth have an idol ([544]) around which they revolve, showing it respect, while you have nothing!” ([545]) Then he made an idol for them, thus becoming the first idol maker. After that,Vadd, Suwa, Yagus, Yauk, and Nasir were pious, good people. They all died in the same month. Their relatives were very sad. One of the sons of Kabil said, “O my fellow citizens, shall I make for you five idols in their likeness? I cannot give you their souls,” he said. They said, “Make them.” So he made five idols like them and set them up. Now everyone came to their (dead) brother, uncle, or nephew, showed them respect, and circled around them. This continued for a generation. These events took place in the time of Yarad b. Mahlail b. Kaynan b. Anuş b. Şit b. Adam. Then another generation came, and they showed them even more respect than the previous ones. After them came a third generation, who said: Those before us surely showed them respect so that they might intercede for them with Allah, for no other reason. And they worshipped them. Their deeds grew, and their disbelief increased. Allah sent Idris (as) to them as a prophet. He showed them the right path, but they denied him; Allah raised him to the highest ranks beside Him. ([548])It is reported that they worshipped these idols until the time of Noah (as), and after the flood, they were thrown onto the shore in the region of Jiddah. Centuries later, Amr bin Luhayy removed them from where they were. It is reported that Amr bin Luhayy lived about 300 years before our Prophet.  Amr b. Luhayy had a jinn companion. This jinn showed Amr the burial sites of the idols of Noah’s people: Ved, Suwa, Yegus, Yeuk, and Nasr. Amr found them and distributed them to the tribes that came for the pilgrimage during the Hajj season. A hadith from Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) states: “If we obtain the statues and images of these deceased people, we will turn to more worship.” The Qur’an reports this situation as follows: They said to the people, “Never abandon your gods, never abandon Ved, Suva, Yağus, Yeuk, and Nesr.” ([550])  Upon this, every tribe, even every house, was filled with idols. When the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) conquered Mecca, there were 360 idols in the Kaaba ( ), which he destroyed and burned. The reason idolatry spread throughout Arabia is this: When the Arab tribes came from all around to perform the pilgrimage, they would take stones from the Kaaba with them when they returned home. They would then carve them into the shape of the idols in the Kaaba, give them the form of those idols, and then worship them. This is why idolatry spread rapidly throughout Arabia. ([551])

Worshiping Idols: Back then, ignorant people accepted the existence of Allah but also worshiped idols. They believed that their idols would intercede for them with Allah, and each idol was associated with a specific expectation.  The Qur’an describes this situation most strikingly and clearly as follows: We worship them only so that they may bring us closer to Allah. 

The author of the book El-Menhec’ul Hareki Lissiret’un Nebevi, Abdurrahman El Muhacir, summarizes this situation as follows:

a) They would go to these idols, worship them, and glorify them. When they wanted something, they would go and ask these idols for it. In times of hardship and distress, they would mention the names of these idols. When they had a need, they would ask these idols for it. They also believed that these idols would intercede for them with Allah. They believed that these idols had superior authority with Allah and were capable of accomplishing whatever they desired.

b) They would perform pilgrimage for these idols, circumambulate around them, show humility before them, and prostrate themselves to them.

c) They would try to approach their idols through various means. They would sacrifice animals for their idols and in the name of their idols.

d) They would set aside a portion of their food and drink for these idols. Similarly, they would set aside a portion of their produce and animals for the idols. They would set aside another portion for Allah. Sometimes, for reasons they invented, they would transfer things they had dedicated to Allah to their idols. However, they never transferred things dedicated to their idols to Allah.

e) These Arabs invented their own haram and halal from their own desires. For example, they had declared bahira, saiba, wasila, and ham to be haram.

What are the forms of idols? In Ibn al-Kalbi’s book Al-Asnam, it is stated that idols come in three forms.

En-Nasb: These idols are not in human form but are made of stone.

En-Vesen: These are made of stone and are in human form.

Es-Sanem: These are idols made of metal and wood, but in human form.

When Are Idols Needed: The polytheists in Mecca initially visited the Kaaba once a day. This behavior later led to festivals, special days, and journeys beginning with respect for the idol statues and continuing in this manner until the very end. Those who lived far from the idols came on certain days of the year. They believed that all these practices were in accordance with Allah’s will. For this reason, even though there were 360 idols inside the Kaaba, it was still called Beytullah ([553]). Some of the duties attributed to these idols were as follows.

Uzza: God of health

Menat: Goddess of prosperity

Lat: The god of the family and the tribe

Hubel: Idols claimed to guide caravans and determine the fate of tribes.

ISLAM: Be aware, the pure religion belongs to Allah. Those who abandon Allah and take other friends besides Him say, “We worship them so that they may bring us closer to Allah.” Truly, Allah will judge between them in their differences. Allah will not guide the liar and the disbeliever to the right path. [554]

Allah has not prescribed bahira, saiba, wasila, or ham. But the disbelievers falsely attribute lies to Allah, and most of them do not use their minds. [555]

Animals slaughtered on stone altars are forbidden to you. [556]

They set aside portions of the crops and livestock that Allah has created for Allah, saying, “This is for Allah, and this is for our partners (idols).” What they set aside for their partners does not reach Allah, but what they set aside for Allah reaches their partners! How terrible is their judgment! [557]

They worship things that cannot harm or benefit them, and say, “These are our intercessors with Allah.” Say, “Are you informing Allah of something He does not know in the heavens and on earth? Allah is far removed from what they associate with Him.

Nowadays: Individually, we need to dwell on this topic in detail and reflect on it in order to understand Islam and examine our beliefs. This is because one of the most commonly confused concepts in Islam today is idolatry. If we look carefully at this information passed down from thousands of years ago, we see that the deaths of righteous people were not accepted, and in order to remember and keep them alive (with good intentions), efforts were made to objectify them. After some time had passed, this took on the form of worship that was far from its original purpose, with no known reason or cause, and led to the worship of these individuals. Therefore, the first important thing is whether actions performed as worship, that is, with the belief that they will please Allah, are truly part of religion. Some rules established by people in the past, with good intentions or with the aim of preserving traditions, may have come to us as worship over time . This is a possible scenario. However, there may also be those who consciously present situations as worship and deliberately aim to restrict the scope of worship. Those who try to silence the truth with their words may limit polytheism to only worshipping idols and reduce worship of Allah to only praying. People who do not research their religion will blindly adhere to these innovations and perceive even discussing the issue as discussing religion. They will continue to blindly do this in every sphere of life, through words, pen, or sword, convinced that they are serving their religion, reacting without even feeling the need to listen to the other side. Because deception thrives wherever ignorance exists.

Known as the father of ignorance, Abu Jahl [559]fought in the Battle of Badr with the aim of defending the religious understanding he had inherited from his ancestors. Sirah sources clearly show that Abu Jahl went to Badr not to defend irreligion, but to serve his religion by fighting against Muslims who contradicted his own religious understanding. Imam Tabari also recounts this situation as follows: Before going to Badr, the polytheists of Quraysh clung to the covering of the Kaaba in Mecca and asked Allah for help, saying: “O Allah! Help the most beloved of the two armies, the most valuable of the two communities, the most righteous of the two tribes!” ([560])Both sides were fighting for their beliefs. Both sides were asking for help from Allah,  the Creator. They believed that their side was right, beloved, and righteous. But one side was right… The other was fighting for the beliefs they were blindly attached to. With a fanatical belief, like the mentality of “protect your people even if they are wrong,” they saw the other side as the cause of the breakdown of existing relations and entered into a struggle to carry out their jihad([ . Ibn Hisham says on this subject: When the polytheists and Muslims met at Badr, Abu Jahl said: “O Allah! Muhammad has severed our kinship ties and brought us a thousand things we did not know. Destroy him in the morning!” He was the first to pass judgment against himself.

Why are they called polytheists, despite believing in Allah, praying, and fighting when necessary, even at the cost of their lives?

If someone else had done these things, would they not be treated as a believer? Faith, prayer, jihad… So these things alone are not sufficient for a person to be a believer. Then what made them polytheists? …

This is where the importance of idols comes into play. Because the real reason for the war was not religious understanding, but the contradiction between the plurality and unity of gods. Despite carrying out all these actions, they struggle not to serve Allah, but to offer blind faith embedded within belief in Allah. They became polytheists because they did not reserve power, worship, and supplication solely for Allah. When we apply this situation to our own lives, it becomes clear that we must first fully identify the absence of the idols we are attached to. Hopefully, the meaning of La ilahe illallah will be better understood, and it will become clear that those who say it wholeheartedly are promised paradise. It is necessary to accurately determine whose service the actions contribute to. The Holy Quran explains this situation as follows:

ALLAH (c.c.) says:

The polytheists take from the sustenance We have provided them and allocate a share to things they do not understand (idols). By Allah, you will surely be held accountable for these false accusations. 

The author of Asr’s Quranic Exegesis explains it as follows:

“They allocate portions of what We have provided them as sustenance to things they do not know (idols and similar things).” Many polytheists would cut from the sustenance of their children and the needy poor around them, taking a certain portion of the blessings in their hands to the temple to please the idols and make them agree to fulfill their wishes. This incident shows that they had no noteworthy knowledge of religion or faith; it also shows that they could not comprehend that carved stones, trees, and similar objects were incapable of doing any good or harm. Another point to note here is that when the Qur’an mentions idols, it uses the expression, “things whose true nature they do not know.” This is because the Noble Qur’an does not address only the idolaters of that day, nor does it address a specific tribe or nation. With its divine rulings, it addresses all nations until the Day of Judgment. Therefore, in every age, gods similar to idols have emerged, and false beliefs have been given credence! The relevant verse warns people living today, pointing to current beliefs and false gods, and provides certain guidelines. Namely:

a) Money spent on idols and similar objects,

b) Things offered as sacrifices to shrines,

c) Candles taken to shrines and burned there.

d) Money placed on or stuck to wishing stones.

e) Money thrown into waters considered sacred.

f) Items and money given to sorcerers, charmers, and amulet makers who cannot even write properly for purposes such as magic, spells, binding someone’s tongue, attracting love and attention, or cursing someone they dislike fall under the same ruling and, in a sense, are combined with idolatry. Ropes and bags tied to stones and trees for certain wishes are also included. Allah swears by His glory that He will hold people accountable for engaging with these fabricated, false, and meaningless things; He declares that those who pursue falsehood and spend money on it will surely be held accountable for indirectly associating partners with Allah, reminding believers in particular to be very careful in these matters. 

The term idol should not be understood to mean only statues carved from stone. Because if we accept these solely as statues, the importance and scope of religion becomes incomprehensible. Idols also include ways of thinking and lifestyles that are forcibly imposed on people, the benefits gained by the groups that embrace these ideas, and the tools they use to maintain their positions.

Idols exist so that ideologies that are forced upon people are not erased from their minds, so that they are constantly confronted with them, and so that the privileged group that embraces these ideologies does not lose the benefits and positions they have gained through these idols. Therefore, every idol statue symbolizes the thoughts of a particular person. The respect shown to an idol statue is a sign of allegiance to the thoughts of the person it represents. If it is not perceived in this way, what does it mean for people to stand in respect before a statue, which is a piece of iron? Would a person so devoted to their own pride worship and stand in respect before lifeless statues made of stone and iron?([566])

There is a saying: neither the sausage nor the kebab should burn. The fundamental mistake common to all people, who are unaware of the Qur’an and cannot comprehend the purpose of the prophets’ arrival, is like this saying. Appearing to be both God-fearing and slave-like, they aim to live peacefully in this world and gain the afterlife. If people who show respect to those in the position of “idols” knew the Holy Quran, instead of saying “neither the skewer nor the kebab should burn,” they would have to shout, “I am burning, I am.”

Today, as in the example of Uzza, it is often seen that healing is sought elsewhere besides Allah (swt). Along with this, there are idols that have entered every home, such as Lat, which are believed to determine the fate of societies, and those who act with the mission assigned to Manat. Furthermore, there are those who worship these idols, basing their beliefs on their ancestors, saying, “They bring us closer to Allah,” and thus serving and obeying them. These ignorant people have the same understanding as their fathers (Abu Jahl) and will become the pharaohs of the ummah.

They see this as a struggle for their own understanding of religion. This is not limited to just one person, one ideology, or one place. Due to the large number of these people, this mentality and belief system is one of the greatest causes of distress for Muslims in the world today. Some of these people have economic influence, while others have political influence.

Although they claim to act for the sake of Allah, they are serving Satan, the enemy of Allah and the believers.

WORSHIP OF ANGELS AND JINNS

Pre-Islamic Age of Ignorance: The belief that jinn know the unseen, are capable of harming humans, are the source of most illnesses, and that treatment is only possible by being close to jinn was widespread among the people of Jahiliyya.  

Ibn Al Kalbi said: “Amr bin Luhayy” was a soothsayer. [568](As ruler of Mecca, he expelled the Jurhum tribe from their homeland and took over the guardianship of the temple.) He had a friend among the jinn named Abu Shumama, who said to him (Amr):

  • Hurry to Tihama[569]  Set out from , on the path of happiness and safety, do not fear!”
  • (Amr) said, “Yes, I will not delay.”
  • The jinn continued: “Go to the shore of Cudda, where you will find ready-made idols. Bring them to Tihamah, do not be afraid! Then call the Arabs to worship them, and they will obey you.” Avf bin Uzra obeyed him. He also gave him Vadd. Avf bin Uzra took the idol to the valley of al-Hura and erected it at Dumat al-Jandal. He named his son “Abdu Vadd.” Thus, he became the first to be named in this way. After that, the Arabs adopted this name. Avf made his son Amir (they called him Amir al-Acdar) the guardian of the idol. Until Allah sent Islam, his descendants continued to do this work.

They also had beliefs related to angels. According to them, angels were beings who would intercede. For this reason, they referred to their idols as “the daughters of Allah.” They said: “We made these in the image of those magnificent angels whom the prophets acknowledged, who could not pass beyond the Lote Tree when they ascended, who brought them certain commands and prohibitions, and who conveyed to Allah the things that emanated from Allah’s treasures on earth. Those angels are the daughters of Allah. Therefore, we made them in the form of females and gave them feminine names.” ([571])

The Quraysh tribe would circumambulate the Kaaba saying:

By the right of Lot, by the right of Uzza!

They are the high-flying birds.

Hope can be placed in their intercession!

The third one is for the sake of Manat[573]

ISLAM:

Jinn: Has Allah preferred daughters over sons? What is wrong with you? How do you judge? Do you not think? If you are truthful, bring your book! They have invented a kinship between Allah and the jinn. By Allah, the jinn know that they too will be brought to account. 

Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind, the King of mankind, the God of mankind, from the evil of the whisperer who withdraws, who whispers evil thoughts into the hearts of mankind, whether from among the jinn or among mankind.

Angel: What is your opinion about Lât and Uzza? And what about the third one, Menat? So males are yours, and females are Allah’s? That is an unjust division. In fact, these are mere names you and your forefathers have invented . Allah has sent down no proof concerning them. They merely follow their own desires and whims. Yet knowledge of the right path came to them from their Lord. Or do you think that whatever a person imagines will come to pass? Yet the end of life and its beginning (both the Hereafter and this world) belong to Allah. There are many angels in the heavens whose intercession will not avail at all unless Allah permits it for those He wills and is pleased with. 

Nowadays: Nowadays, it is common knowledge that even though there are not enough people to form two rows for the daily prayers in the mosque, there are queues forming at the doors of those considered “sorcerers,” or that one can only reach them by appointment. Even if these people find an Arabic cookbook where they live, they cannot read it and believe that it will harm them and that they can only be cured by a jinn, so these queues will not easily disappear.

We know that during this period, although angels were not called daughters of Allah, they were attributed with feminine characteristics and given names as women.

Many people believe that jinn, because they are invisible, can harm them as they please. This belief takes power from the Absolute Power and gives it to the jinn, causing the person to lose their faith. Jinn have certain powers within their own realm, but this does not mean they can act as they please without Allah’s permission. However, our Prophet (peace be upon him) has specified who has the power, what should be done, and how to protect oneself so that this situation does not become a disease and the jinn do not cause any harm in any way.

Our Prophet (peace be upon him) said: When night falls or when evening comes, keep your children (from going outside). Because the devils (jinn) scatter at that time. An hour after nightfall, bring your children (into your homes). Close the doors, mentioning Allah’s name([577]). For Satan cannot open a locked door. Cover the mouths of your vessels, mentioning Allah’s name. Extinguish your lamps.([578])

[536]  Islamic Encyclopedia, Istanbul 1977, vol. III, p. 590.

[537]  Rebellious, deviant, faithless, revered like a deity, leading astray and causing deviation.

[538]  Reaching a judgment by listening to both sides in a dispute, adjudication

[539]  Zebidî, Summary of Sahih al-Bukhari, Translation of Tecrid-i Sarih, Ankara: 1978 (5th ed.), Vol. II, p. 823.

[540]  Surah Al-Imran, Verse 19

[541]  Surah Yusuf, Verse 40

[542]  Surah An-Nisa, Verse 60

[543]  Tagut is derived from the words “tağa”, “yetgi”, and “tuğyanen”. In the dictionary, it means to exceed one’s limits, to become rebellious. In religion, it means to exceed one’s limits in disbelief. Everything worshipped other than Allah is tagut. Tagut can be idols, jinn, or humans.

[544]  Here, the sacred stone is meant.

[545]  According to another account, Amr bin Luhayy came to Mecca with his people and took control of the Kaaba from the Jurhum tribe who lived there. Amr went to the city of Belka near Damascus, saw the temples of the idol worshippers there, and asked what they were for. They replied, “We have adopted these idols as lords representing the forms of celestial bodies and spiritual personalities. When we ask for help through them, we receive help; when we ask for water, we get water.” Amr liked this belief. He asked them to give him an idol. They gave him Hubal. Amr took Hubal and returned to Mecca, placing it in the Kaaba. Beside it stood the idols Isaf and Naile, which were in a position of equality. Amr called on the people of the city to glorify these idols, worship them, and use them as means to reach Allah. This event took place in the early years of the Shapur kingdom. (Muhammad b. Abdulkarim al-Shahrastani, History of Religions and Sects, Işık Akademi Publications, Vol. 2, Chapter 3)

[546]  It is said that they lived before the time of Noah (peace be upon him).

[547]  It is reported that he lived immediately before Idris (as).

[548]  Ibn al-Kalbi, Kitab al-Asnam, Beyza Düşüngen, The Book of Idols, p. 48

[549]  Dihlevi, Shah Waliullah, Hujjat al-Baliqa, (1–2), vol. 1, Cairo, 1185, pp. 124–127

[550]  Surah Nuh, Verse 23

[551]  Mevlâna Şiblî Numânî, The Last Prophet Muhammad, iz Publishing: 97–99

[552]  Surah Zumar, Verse 3

[553]  The House of Allah (c.c.)

[554]  Surah Zumar, Verse 3

[555]  Surah Al-Ma’idah, Verse 103

[556]  Surah Al-Ma’idah, Verse 3

[557]  Surah En’am, Verse 136

[558]  Surah Yunus, Verse 18

[559]  His real name was Amr b. Hisham al-Mughira. He was initially known by the nickname Abu al-Hakam, but Muslims called him Abu Jahl (father of ignorance).  , in Mecca, belonged to the Mahzûm clan of the Quraysh tribe and enjoyed great prestige among the Meccans.

[560]  Tabari, Tabari’s Commentary, vol. 9, p. 208

[561]  War, fighting the enemy for the sake of religion

[562]  Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Hisham, Sîre, vol. 2, p. 280

[563]  A portion of a whole divided among several people, the share of each of these people

[564]  Surah An-Nahl, Verse 56

[565]  Celal Yıldırım, The Qur’an Commentary of the Age in the Light of Knowledge, Anadolu Publications: 7/3334–3335

[566]  İhsan Süreyya Sırma, Islam in the Age of Happiness, Volume 1, p.84

[567]  Ali Çelik, Islam in the Golden Age in All Its Aspects, Volume 4, p. 27

[568]  Kâhin is the fortune teller and soothsayer of the polytheistic Arabs. It is the same as the Hebrew kohen and the Aramaic kahenile.

[569]  Mekke-i Mükerreme is used as a name for both men and women.

[570]  Ibn al-Kalbi, Kitab al-Asnam, Beyza Düşüngen, The Book of Idols, p. 49

[571]  Fahreddin er-Râzi, Tefsir-i Kebir Mefâtihu’l-Gayb, Akçağ Publications: 20/512

[572]  They likened Lat, Manat, and Uzza to angels because they believed these idols would intercede with Allah on their behalf.

[573]  Ibn al-Kalbi, Kitab al-Asnam, p. 32

[574]  Surah Saffat, verses 153–158

[575]  Surah An-Nas, verses 1–6

[576]  Surah An-Najm, verses 19–26

[577]  “Bismillahirrahmanirrahim” means “in the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful” (the one with absolute power).

[578]  Muslim, Ashriba 97/II, 1595